by the actors in the region based on four categories of approaches: fact checking, media education and training, research and production of information on the subject, and political advocacy. The final section of Part I deals with the challenges that actors face in expanding efforts to combat disinformation and analyzes the results of actions in the region. Part II addresses the academic literature on disinformation that has been produced in the region. We analyze the general approaches followed in the studies, the conceptualizations and characterizations of the phenomenon, and the topics dealt with in the research, and we identify gaps and underexplored themes that merit greater attention in future studies. 2. OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify and assess how each stakeholder in the region constructs (or misconstrues) the nature of the problem and possible solutions. Consequently, the research is structured around two interconnected objectives: 1. To map the actors currently working to counter disinformation and to identify the frameworks upon which interventions are currently based 2. To learn from the approaches, tools, and methods currently used to counter disinformation. 2.1 MAPPING THE ACTORS Our first goal was to map the actors working to combat disinformation and to explore how they perceive the problem and what interventions they have developed to combat or mitigate it. The actors selected include civil society entities, research groups and institutions, fact-checking agencies, digital platforms, media companies, communication vehicles, government agencies, parliaments, and courts. 2.2 EVALUATING THE ACTORS’ APPROACHES, TOOLS, AND METHODS The second objective was to evaluate the approaches employed by the actors identified in the region, including the interventions, tools, and methods used to contain disinformation. Tools and methods are understood as action strategies to combat disinformation. They include checking and verifying information; providing context and reliable information; moderating content; encouraging accountability for disinformation practices that are considered I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH inappropriate or illegal; running media education projects; conducting research into and producing information about the phenomenon; promoting debates on the theme; and making proposals related to public We explore how appropriate the policies, from the discussion actors’ responses are and what to the implementation phases. impact they produce, in order We explore how approprito present the lessons that have ate these responses are and what impact they produce, been learned through projects in order to present the lesand initiatives carried out by the sons that have been learned actors in the region. through projects and initiatives carried out by the actors in the region. In order to assess the appropriateness and the impact of these methods and tools, we used indicators and objectives set by the actors themselves and sourced from international documents on the subject. We also include proposals on public policies or influence on policymaking. The analysis also seeks to identify conflicts and tensions between interventions carried out by different actors. 3. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 3.1 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES We approached the study from two perspectives: 1. The region: The study covers the whole of Latin America and the Caribbean, including the subregions of the Caribbean, South America, and the Andean Community. 2. National case studies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico were selected as case studies based on their economic and political relevance in the region and the abundance of initiatives combating disinformation found in those countries. We analyze the actors in these countries according to the scope noted above—from civil society and research groups to government bodies, parliaments, and the courts. 3.2 DATA COLLECTION NATIONAL CASE STUDIES In terms of the five countries selected as case studies, data collection was carried out through three methodological procedures: 1. Document analysis: Information was collected from norms (legislation, decrees, administrative Latin America and the Caribbean – 81