LIST OF INTERVIEWS • Alimonti, Veridiana (EFF), August 30, 2021, online • Arréguez, Soledad (Desconfio), August 19, 2021, online • Blanco, Patrícia (Instituto Palavra Aberta), August 27, 2021, online • Bordachar, Michele (Derechos Digitales), August 26, 2021, online • Botero, Carolina (Fundación Karisma), August 20, 2021, online • Chorny, Vladimir (R3D), August 24, 2021, online • Concha, Maria Paula (FLIP), August 20, 2021, online • Fernández, Alina (CLACSO), August 30, 2021, online • Gómez, Gustavo (Observacom), 2021, online • González, Matías (CELE), August 19, 2021, online • José Lara, Paulo (Article 19), August 30, 2021, online • Lara, Juan Carlos (Derechos Digitales), August 30, 2021, online • Machado, Daniela (EducaMídia), August 27, 2021, online • Madrid, Juan Pablo (FLIP), August 20, 2021, online • Mielli, Renata (Centro Barão de Itararé), August 27, 2021, online • Monje, Daniela (CLACSO), August 30, 2021, online • Moraes, Laura (Avaaz), August 27, 2021, online • Pino, Adrián (Desconfio), August 19, 2021, online • Santos, João Guilherme (INCT.DD), August 27, 2021, online • Schatzky, Morena (CELE), August 19, 2021, online • Tudón, Martha (Article 19), August 20, 2021, online • Vieira, Ramênia (Intervozes), August 27, 2021, online • Vélez, Cristina (Linterna Verde), August 20, 2021, online • Weyne, Luciana (Avaaz), August 27, 2021, online NOTES 1. The work of Bolaño (2004), which is focused on media studies, explores the support provided to regimes by large media groups, like Grupo Globo in Brazil. An analysis of the Southern Cone (Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay) was carried out by Llorens, Maronna, and Dúran (2021). 2. In Brazil, in July of 2020, Facebook took down pages linked to a support group of far-right President Jair Bolsonaro that were spreading disinformation (Romani, Turtelli, and Lindner. 2020). Gutiérrez-Coba, Coba-Gutiérrez, and Gómez-Díaz (2020) analyzed false content in Latin American countries during the pandemic and showed that political motives, especially the far right’s, were an important factor. 3. See https://verificado.uy/ publica%C3%A7%C3%B5es/verificado-uyprimera-fase-culminada/. 4. Ecuador Chequea. October 15, 2019, 10:40, https://twitter.com/ecuadorchequea/ status/1184116770812104706?lang=eu. 5. All quotations from interviews carried out in Spanish and/or Portuguese have been translated into English by the authors of this report, and subsequently edited for clarity. 6. https://www.apc.org/ 7. https://www.alsur.lat/ 8. https://www.observacom.org/ 9. https://www.derechosdigitales.org 10. https://artigo19.org/ 11. https://observatoriolegislativocele.com/ 12. https://www.accessnow.org/ 13. https://www.eff.org/pt-br 14. See https://reporterslab.org/fact-checking/. 15. See https://en.unesco.org/milclicks. 16. See https://ifex.org/alc/#campaign. 17. https://www.digimente.org/ 18. Individuals and groups on the internet that attack opponents online and use aggressive postures and hate speech in online public debate 19. https://www.desconfio.org/ 20. See http://www.amidi.org/combatirdesinformacion/. 21. https://chequeado.com/ 22. See https://chequeado.com/proyectos/ chequeado-colectivo/. 23. See https://www.chequeado.com/ museodeladesinformacion/museo. 24. https://factual.afp.com/afp-argentina 25. See https://confiar.telam.com.ar/. 26. Commercial media played a role in supporting the 1964–1989 military dictatorship (Bolaño 2004) and in spreading discourse in support of authoritarian and neoliberal regimes in the country, including through the use of disinformation (Brittos and Bolaño 2005). 27. https://www.internetlab.org.br/en/ 28. https://ip.rec.br/ 29. https://intervozes.org.br/ 30. https://baraodeitarare.org.br/site/ I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH 31. https://www.vero.org.br/ 32. https://www.boatos.org/ 33. https://www.e-farsas.com/ 34. https://www.aosfatos.org/ 35. https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/ 36. https://projetocomprova.com.br 37. https://g1.globo.com/fato-ou-fake/ 38. https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/estadaoverifica/ 39. https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ 40. https://checamos.afp.com/ 41. https://educamidia.org.br/ 42. See https://www.camara.leg.br/comprove. 43. See https://antigo.saude.gov.br/fakenews/. 44. https://www.cgi.br/ 45. https://datosprotegidos.org/ 46. https://www.malaespinacheck.cl/ 47. https://www.fastcheck.cl/ 48. https://www.cazadoresdefakenews.info/ 49. https://observatoriodedatos.com/category/ fact-checking/ 50. https://factchecking.cl/quienes-somos/ 51. http://colombia.mom-rsf.org/en/ 52. https://linternaverde.co/en/ 53. https://www.lasillavacia.com/la-silla-vacia/ detector-de-mentiras/ 54. https://www.entretantocuento.com/ 55. https://verificado.com.mx/ 56. https://escenariotlx.com/ficcionesinformativas/ 57. https://www.animalpolitico.com/sabueso/ 58. See https://www.animalpolitico.com/ coronavirus-covid-19/, 59. All quotations from legislation and other official sources have been translated to English by the study authors for the purposes of this report. 60. Further studies would need to be conducted in order to explore this relationship, something worth considering. 61. https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/ 62. An example is the Globo Group, in Brazil, which runs Fato ou Fake and which is examined in studies such as those by Brittos and Bolaño (2005) and Lima (2001). 63. Examples include AlSur’s (Álvarez Ugarte 2020) and El Diálogo’s (Christie, Lanza, and Camilleri 2020) research on disinformation and the pandemic, and country situation reports such as those on Chile (García, Baeza, and Peña 2021), Mexico (Lara and Jimenez 2021), and Argentina (Szewach and Freuler 2020). Latin America and the Caribbean – 1 37