of migrants, as well as Twitter and Instagram profiles. The organization works together with journalists and investigative reporting projects, such as Colombia Check and La Silla Vacía. Based on the information gathered, including through social network monitoring methodologies, the organization encourages journalistic vehicles to combat disinformation on certain topics, such as migration. Linterna Verde also has initiatives to provide technical support to civil society organizations, such as gender justice, environmental, and drug policy organizations. According to Cristina Vélez (interview, August 2021) from Linterna, “they come with different needs; there are campaigns on social media, or there are online attacks on certain individuals. We make a diagnosis of whether it is worth a response or not, and we provide information to civil society on the actors and actions that spread disinformation.” The organization has joined another important initiative in digital rights in the country, Fundación Karisma, to conduct research on knowledge gaps concerning internet-related topics. One of the projects involves monitoring the internal policies of platforms and changes in these, which includes allowed and prohibited conduct and sanctions regarding disinformation. Another topic analyzed from the perspective of informational gaps is vaccines in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: “We researched consumption and distrust in vaccines and information on social media. We did an analysis of the anti-vaccine groups on Facebook and Twitter, and we are looking to follow up on this,” adds Vélez. Organizations like Linterna Verde and Fundación Karisma also act in a joint manner to influence the executive branch and Parliament. One example was the reform of the Electoral Code, which ultimately included provisions related to disinformation among the new rules. FLIP The Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP, Press Freedom Foundation) acts on several fronts to fight disinformation. One of them is analyzing the responses of public institutions to the phenomenon according to international and national human rights parameters, especially regarding freedom of expression. FLIP has articulated a dialogue with the Bogotá City government on the issue, bringing together civil society and journalists: “This is an example of how to respond to institutionality. We have to monitor how public bodies and agencies I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH respond institutionally to disinformation. The process with public bodies is always collaborative, but we can’t ignore the risks of the way institutions deal with disinformation, especially the internet,” explains FLIP’s Juan Pablo Madrid (interview, August 2021). FLIP also runs projects in the areas of training and capacity building. The organization has sought to promote these formative actions in different areas in the country: “We FLIP acts on several fronts to have opted for training practices and fight disinformation. It also runs to create arenas to talk about the projects in the areas of training theme, in different territories. We attempted to understand the features and capacity building. outside our bubble and outside the capital,” says FLIP member Maria Paula Concha (interview, August 2021). Among its awareness-raising and training activities, FLIP has promoted spaces for dialogue with journalists, during which these professionals discuss the challenges and problems they face in their daily work. This information supports the creation of good practices and tools, which can then be applied by journalists and other press workers. PACT FOR PRESS FREEDOM OF THE ANTONIO NARIÑO PROJECT In 2019, political parties and civil society organizations in Colombia signed a pact for press freedom to combat information disorder in that year’s elections. The pact forms part of the Antonio Nariño Project, led by the Fundación para un Nuevo Periodismo Ibero-Americano (FNPI, Foundation for New Latin American Journalism), and brought together several political parties and foundations, such as FLIP, the FNPI, the Asociación Colombiana de Medios de Información (AMI, Colombian Association of Information Media), and Germany’s Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Proyecto Antonio Nariño 2019). The signatories to the pact made a commitment to (Fundación Gabo 2019): • respect freedom of speech during election time • not promote false information nor fund or engage in any disinformation practice • promote good practices of engagement on social media • provide true, objective, and complete information about parties, candidates, and movements • promote public debate free from threats, violence, or stigmatization. Latin America and the Caribbean – 1 0 5