1
* 0 = least free, 100 = most free. A total score of 70-100 = Free, 40-69 = Partly Free, 0-39 = Not Free. * ၀ = မလွ တ်လပ်ဆံ4း။ ၁၀၀ = အလွတ်လပ်ဆံ4း။
စ4စ4ေပါင်းရမEတ် ၇၀ - ၁၀၀ Xကား = လွတ်လပ် ၊ ၄၀ - ၆၉ Xကား = တစ်စိတ်တစ် ပိ4ငး် လွတ်လပ်၊ ၀ - ၃၉ = မလွတ်လပ်
The number of internet users was reported in June 2019 at 18m by Internet World Stats, see “Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.],
https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; A report on Myanmar in February 2020 by Hootsuite identified that this number had grown to 22m
users by the beginning of 2020, see Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital2020-myanmar; 39 percent of the population and a growth of 1m persons over the course of the year.
3
James Barton, “Ooredoo Myanmar and MPT step up 4G offerings,” Developing Telecoms, June 6, 2017,
https://www.developingtelecoms.com/tech/wireless-networks/7110-ooredoo-myanmar-and-mpt-step-up-4g-offerings.html.
4
Khine Kyaw, “Myanmar to accelerate 5G development despite risks,” Eleven Media Group, December 19, 2018,
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-to-accelerate-5g-development-despite-risks.
5
One index rates the percentage of the population using the internet as 33.1 percent in 2019 as compared to 51.8 percent for the Asia region, see
“Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.], https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; Others rate Myanmar as 39 percent, South-East
Asia as 63 percent, and Asia as 52 percent, see “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d], accessed on October 2, 2019,
https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019.
6
Myanmar is 81st in the world for mobile speeds and 119 th for fixed line speeds, see “Speedtest Global Index,” Ookla® Speed Test, accessed March,
2020, https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar.
7
“Republic of the Union of Myanmar,” Ookla® Speedtest Global Index, [n.d.], https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/republic-of-the-union-ofmyanmar.
8
“ICT Development Index 2017 – Myanmar,” International Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITUD/idi/2017/index.html#idi2017economycard-tab&MMR.
9
Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-myanmar.
10
The regional average is 135%. See “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf and Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal,
February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-myanmar.
11
Subscribers number 129% of the population size, as people often have multiple SIM cards, see "GSMA Intelligence,” accessed October 2, 2019,
https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/markets/2274/dashboard/; “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d],
https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019; “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf; 50% is the number of unique owners, which means that each
unique owner owns two sim cards on average. This has increased from about 34% in 2016, see “ICT Development Index 2017,” International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/index.html#idi2017economycard-tab&MMR.
12
Michael Peel, “Myanmar blackouts recall darker days,” Financial Times, June 6, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/6b8009d6-4691-11e7-85199f94ee97d996.
13
“Switzerland Joins EU in Sanctioning Myanmar’s Military Generals,” The Irrawaddy, October 18, 2018,
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/switzerland-joins-eu-in-sanctioning-myanmars-military-generals.html.
14
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar.
15
The number of internet users was reported in June 2019 at 18m by Internet World Stats, see “Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.],
https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; A report on Myanmar in February 2020 by Hootsuite identified that this number had grown to 22m
users by the beginning of 2020, see Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital2020-myanmar; 39 percent of the population and a growth of 1m persons over the course of the year.
16
James Barton, “Ooredoo Myanmar and MPT step up 4G offerings,” Developing Telecoms, June 6, 2017,
https://www.developingtelecoms.com/tech/wireless-networks/7110-ooredoo-myanmar-and-mpt-step-up-4g-offerings.html.
17
Khine Kyaw, “Myanmar to accelerate 5G development despite risks,” Eleven Media Group, December 19, 2018,
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-to-accelerate-5g-development-despite-risks.
18
One index rates the percentage of the population using the internet as 33.1 percent in 2019 as compared to 51.8 percent for the Asia region, see
“Internet Usage in Asia,” Internet World Stats, [n.d.], https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm; Others rate Myanmar as 39 percent, South-East
Asia as 63 percent, and Asia as 52 percent, see “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d], accessed on October 2, 2019,
https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019.
19
Myanmar is 81st in the world for mobile speeds and 119 th for fixed line speeds, see “Speedtest Global Index,” Ookla® Speed Test, accessed March,
2020, https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar.
20
“Republic of the Union of Myanmar,” Ookla® Speedtest Global Index, [n.d.], https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/republic-of-the-union-ofmyanmar.
21
“ICT Development Index 2017 – Myanmar,” International Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITUD/idi/2017/index.html#idi2017economycard-tab&MMR.
22
Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal, February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-myanmar.
23
The regional average is 135%. See “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf and Simon Kemp, “Digital 2020: Myanmar,” Datareportal,
February 18, 2020, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-myanmar.
24
Subscribers number 129% of the population size, as people often have multiple SIM cards, see "GSMA Intelligence,” accessed October 2, 2019,
https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/markets/2274/dashboard/; “The Global State of Digital in 2019 Report,” Hootsuite, [n.d],
https://hootsuite.com/pages/digital-in-2019; “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf; 50% is the number of unique owners, which means that each
unique owner owns two sim cards on average. This has increased from about 34% in 2016, see “ICT Development Index 2017,” International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), [n.d.], http://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/idi/2017/index.html#idi2017economycard-tab&MMR.
25
Michael Peel, “Myanmar blackouts recall darker days,” Financial Times, June 6, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/6b8009d6-4691-11e7-85199f94ee97d996.
26
“Switzerland Joins EU in Sanctioning Myanmar’s Military Generals,” The Irrawaddy, October 18, 2018,
https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/switzerland-joins-eu-in-sanctioning-myanmars-military-generals.html.
27
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar.
28
The average cost of data in Myanmar is comparatively low however when compared to other countries on the cheapest data packages available
Myanmar is comparatively expensive. For example, the average cost of 1 GB is $1.49 in Cambodia and $0.87 in Myanmar, but in Cambodia data
2
Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 45