ASEAN Regional Coalition to #StopDigitalDictatorship “ hacked simultaneously: he was unable to receive calls and messages and had his profile photo In light of similar cases, the criminalisation [of Azhar and Fatia] inevitably attests to the tendency of public officials to perceive criticisms as a personal attack. 73 - Robertus Robet, human rights activist and member of the Indonesian Caucus Advisory Council for Academic Freedom (KIKA) changed into a pornographic image. Furthermore, false information was posted on his accounts which supported the arrest of HRDs Fatia and Haris, as well as the construction of the Bener Dam in Purworejo, Central Java, in an attempt to alienate AJI from other civil society organisations.77 False News and Hate Speech: A Pretext for the ITE Law and MR5 to Censor Free Speech Aside from defamation, ITE Law provisions on false news and hate speech are also often cited in cases against netizens. Out of 84 online speechbased convictions SAFEnet recorded throughout 2020, 64 were delivered based on at least one (or a combination of) those articles within the ITE Law.78 In 2021, the total number of convicted persons dropped to 38, of which 10 were activists, the highest since the ITE Law came into effect.79 In 2022, a total of 97 cases of criminalisation were documented, affecting 107 victims. The primary articles used to prosecute the defendants predom- According to Amnesty International, in Indonesia, at least 35 cases of physical and digital attacks involving 150 human rights activists and organisations were reported in 2022.74 In April, YouTuber Muhhamad Kace was sentenced to ten years in prison after being accused, in 2021, of allegedly posting blasphemous content online insulting the Islam religion.75 A similar case happened during the same month, when Ferdinand Hutahaean, a former Christian who converted to Islam, was given five months imprisonment after being accused of spreading false information, including a Tweet about Islam.76 inantly pertained to ITE Law.80 The number of complaints in 2023 increased by 15.9 percent, with a total of 126 people in 114 complaints reported to the police. Ordinary citizens were those most often reported to the police, followed by content creators and students. In terms of complainants, organisations/institutions made the most complaints, followed by public officials and businesses. (https://mega.nz/file/skVBwQQL#yPYVShJLSYM3OHO4gRZ3ZcU9aAGYNBMxO0vP0Cd_XRs). Article 28(2) of the ITE Law on hate speech was used against, amongst others, Muhammad Asrul, a journalist of online news outlet Berita News. He was detained for 36 days after publishing three ar- The Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) ticles covering a corruption scandal involving the Indonesia’s chairperson was hacked on multiple son of the mayor of Palopo, a city in South Sulawe- platforms in February 2022. Sasmito Madrim’s si.81 Asrul was sentenced to three months by the Whatsapp, Facebook and Instagram accounts were Palopo District Court on Nov. 23, 2021.82 On Aug. Indonesia 91

Select target paragraph3