Table of Contents
5
List of Abbreviations
7
Acknowledgements
9
Executive Summary: A Regional Overview
29
Chapter I. Introduction
32
Chapter II. Methodology
34
Chapter III. Summary of International Human Rights Laws and Standards
38
Chapter IV. Country Overviews (Analysis)
1. Cambodia 40
6. The Philippines 216
2. Indonesia 72
7. Singapore 245
3. Lao PDR 117
8. Thailand 267
1.1. Legal Framework
1.2. Challenges and Cases
1.3. Access to Effective Remedy
2.1. Legal Framework
2.2. Challenges and Cases
2.3. Access to Effective Remedy
3.1. Legal Framework
3.2. Challenges and Cases
3.3. Access to Effective Remedy
40
44
60
72
85
102
117
123
139
6.1. Legal Framework
6.2. Challenges and Cases
6.3. Access to Effective Remedy
7.1. Legal Framework
7.2. Challenges and Cases
7.3. Access to Effective Remedy
8.1. Legal Framework
8.2. Challenges and Cases
8.3. Access to Effective Remedy
216
221
236
245
249
259
268
272
294
4. Malaysia 151
4.1. Legal Framework
4.2. Challenges and Cases
4.3. Access to Effective Remedy
151
155
169
9. Vietnam1 306
5. Myanmar 181
5.1. Legal Framework
5.2. Challenges and Cases
5.3. Access to Effective Remedy
181
186
203
337
Chapter V. Recommendations
338
Recommendations to Governments
340
Recommendations to Members of Parliament
341
Recommendations to Tech Companies
344
Recommendations to Civil Society
345
Glossary
1. NB: At the request of its author, this chapter has not been standardised to uphold the same organised structure as our other chapters have,
and thus has this unique structure. It will still provide the same categories information as our other chapters, just not organised by subsection
(i.e. Legal Framework, Challenges and Cases, and Access to Effective Remedy).