ASEAN Regional Coalition to #StopDigitalDictatorship In addition to the digital rights infringements faced by netizens at large, marginalised communities within all the nations in question are particularly susceptible to these perils.The online sphere mirrors and perpetuates the power dynamics and inequalities that already existed in the offline space; it is thus no surprise that the challenges experienced by women and LGBTIQA+ individuals and racially/ethnically marginalised communities like the Rohingya peoples are also encountered online. In Indonesia, for instance, human rights defenders (HRDs) and activists who express their views online, are subjected to doxxing, intimidation, and slander, to name a few. Likewise, women HRDs and LGBTIQA+ people in Thailand experience online attacks and harassment online, in relation to their activism and work. The situation in Myanmar is also concerning, with the rampant use of doxxing and smear campaigns used against marginalised communities, often done for elites’ political and personal gain. It is widely known that the Rohingya peoples have been targeted in particular by online hate campaigns; in 2022, Amnesty International reported findings that Meta ``knew or should have known that Facebook’s algorithmic systems were supercharging the spread of harmful anti-Rohingya content in Myanmar,” and yet, “still failed to act.”8 Meta’s lack of regulation has allowed for disinformation, misinformation, and overall harmful anti-Rohingya rhetoric to be spread amongst the general population. This cannot be taken lightly; spreading this sort of rhetoric directly fuels the dehumanisation and thus exploitation of the Rohingya peoples, and allows for their continued genocide. Amnesty’s findings demonstrate how Meta contributed to all of this.9 8. RSL; Facebook, Genocide, and Social Media’s Role in Conflict, 25 November 2022, available at: https:// rsilpak.org/2022/facebook-genocideand-social-medias-role-in-conflict/.; The Guardian, Rohingya sue Facebook for £150bn over Myanmar genocide, 6 December 2021, available at: https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2021/dec/06/rohingya-sue-facebook-myanmar-genocide-us-uk-legal-action-social-media-violence. 9. Amnesty, Myanmar: Facebook’s systems promoted violence against Rohingya; Meta owes reparations – new report, 29 September 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/09/myanmar-facebooks-systems-promoted-violence-against-rohingya-meta-owes-reparationsnew-report/.; PBS, Amnesty report finds Facebook amplified hate ahead of Rohingya massacre in Myanmar, 29 September 2022, available at: https://www.pbs. org/newshour/world/amnesty-report-finds-facebook-amplified-hate-ahead-of-rohingya-massacre-in-myanmar. 18 Dawn of Digital Dictatorship: Weaponizing the Law Against Online Speech in Southeast Asia