The state, the military, and the market: Capture in the new Burmese media landscape Interview with BNI board member from Rakhine State and press council member Khaing Mrat Kyaw, August 26, 2016. 29 UNESCO. 2016. “Launch of Report on Media Development in Myanmar.” http://en.unesco. org/news/launch-report-media-development-Burma; three national government dailies include Myanma Alinn, Kyaymon (The Mirror) Daily, and The Global New Light of Myanmar. 30 According to DVB Multimedia Group Country Bureau Chief Toe Zaw Latt, advertising expenditures in Burma grew from US $38.6 million in 2009 to US $151.7 million in 2013, and to US $200 million in 2015. http://www.mizzima.com/news-features/movingMyanmar%E2%80%99s-media-industry-forward. 31 Given their often close association with authoritarian regimes, the term crony has often been used to refer to business elites in Southeast Asian countries. This is the case in Myanmar where a class of business owners were from the military or had close ties with top generals and had access to capital and ownership. The term tycoon is often used to refer to business people associated with Aung San Suu Kyi and her party, the NLD. 32 While the broadcast law will reportedly be presented to parliament in the near future, it is as of yet unclear when it will become operational and when licences will be made available. 33 Interviews with Thiha Saw and Myint Kyaw, Yangon, April 28, 2017. 34 The Ministry of information and MRTV cite 5 million, but private media say the number is closer to 2 million to 3 million. 35 Burma has eight analoge channels run by MRTV, Myawaddy (military), Forever Group, and Shwe Than Lwin Co. 36 20 million is the common number cited in media circles and reports in Burma, yet according to DVB Deputy-Director Khin Maung Win, surveys by the BBC and Media Marketing Research and Development (MMRD) indicate the number is closer to 40 million. 37 Interview with Thiha Saw, Yangon, April 28, 2017. 38 Interview with Myint Kyaw, Yangon, April 28, 2017. 39 Interviews with Thiha Saw and Myint Kyaw, Yangon, April 28, 2017. 40 All of the FM and AM stations in Burma are owned by the government, military, and crony businesses and partners (Myanmar Information Management Unit–Coverage of Myanmar Local Radio Media–February 2013). 41 Series of interviews with Michelle Foster in 2016; www.internews.org/business-mediaand-information-environment-new-Burma-fresh-perspectives; Foster, Michelle. 2013. “The Business of Media in Myanmar, 2013.” Internews. https://internews.org/sites/ default/files/resources/Internews_Burma_Business_Report2014.pdf. 42 Series of interviews with MDIF Asia Director Tessa Piper in 2016 and 2017. 43 There is only one private local news media operating in Kayah State and one in Tanintharyi Region, two in Kayin State and three in Kachin State. In Mon, Rakhine and Shan States the numbers are higher, with five to seven media in each state. In Chin State, considered the most remote and poorest state in the country, there are an estimated 20 to 30 private media; the explosion of Chin media is widely attributed to the state’s linguistic and ethnic diversity. They include a handful of formerly exiled ethnic media that have opened offices inside and are now publishing in a mixture of Burmese and ethnic languages, as well as a growing number of media launched inside. 28 77