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International Journal of Communication 13(2019) Extreme Speech in Myanmar 3223 UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2015, May 27). Myanmar: UN rights experts express alarm at adoption of first of four “protection of race and religion” bills. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16015&LangID=E Union ministers inspect Rakhine State public works projects. (2017, August 17). Global New Light of Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/union-ministers-inspectrakhine-state-public-works-projects/ United Nations. (2017, September 11). UN human rights chief points to “textbook example of ethnic cleansing” in Myanmar. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/09/564622-un-humanrights-chief-points-textbook-example-ethnic-cleansing-myanmar UN: Rohingya exodus to Bangladesh exceeds 400,000. (2017, September 16). Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/rohingya-exodus-bangladesh-exceeds-400000170916125050337.html U.S. Department of State. (2014). Trafficking in persons report 2014. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/ U.S. Department of Treasury. (2016). Burma (Myanmar) sanctions—sanctions program ended as of 10/7/2016. Retrieved from https://www.treasury.gov/resourcecenter/sanctions/Programs/pages/burma.aspx Waiting for the dividend. (2013, October 5). Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/news/ asia/21587272-despite-hopes-nationwide-ceasefire-agreement-trust-needed-lasting-peaceremains-long Waldron, J. (2012). The harm in hate speech. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wa Lone. (2015, September 3). Ma Ba Tha to celebrate passage of race and religion laws. Myanmar Times. Retrieved from https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/16307-ma-ba-tha-to-celebrate-passageof-race-religion-laws.html Ware, A. (2015). Chapter 10 secessionist aspects to the Buddhist-Muslim conflict in Rakhine State, Myanmar. In D. Kingsbury & C. Laoutides (Eds.), Territorial separatism in global politics: Causes, outcomes and resolution (pp. 153–168). London, UK: Routledge. Ware, A., & Laoutides, C. (2018). Myanmar’s “Rohingya” conflict. London, UK: Hurst Publishers. Warning in relation with extremist terrorists. (2017, August 28). Global New Light of Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/?q=news/28/08/2017/id-11375

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

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Ronan Lee

Date Published: Jul 24, 2018

Abstract: This article considers the role of the state authorities in perpetrating extreme speech and the processes by which state power is used in normalizing hateful expressions against minoritized communities. Drawing attention to Myanmar’s 2017 Rohingya crisis, a human rights and humanitarian catastrophe, the article examines how the state media publication, the Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper, has actively produced antiRohingya speech in its editions and influenced violent narratives about the Rohingya Muslims circulating on social media. It shows how official media contributed to a political environment where anti-Rohingya speech was made acceptable and where rights abuses against the group were excused. While regulators often consider the role of social media platforms like Facebook as conduits for the spread of extreme speech, this case study shows that extreme speech by state actors using state media ought to be similarly considered a major concern for scholarship and policy.

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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