journalists, and HRDs have been doxed since the coup, usually over Telegram, TikTok, and Facebook.338 Women have faced various forms of sexual violence including nonconsensual sharing of sexually explicit images and of doctored images.339 Online journalists, HRDs, and political activists reported intimidation, threats of violence, and torture prior to the coup, although to a significantly lesser degree. In one opinion survey published in May 2020, most journalists reported that they believed violence against members of the media had increased compared with the previous year.340 Journalists reporting on the Rohingya crisis or covering the Rakhine State and Shan State conflicts risked violence in recent years.341 During the trial of Reuters journalists Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, defense lawyers informed the court that the journalists were tortured in detention.342 In July 2018, Kyaw Soe Oo told the court that he was subjected to sleep deprivation and forced to kneel for hours while he was interrogated.343 He also said that authorities covered his head with a black hood. HRDs also faced intimidation and violence prior to the coup. The scale and volume of threats against HRDs, all of whom used the internet as their principal tool for advocacy, varied depending on the issue they focused on in their work. Pro-Rohingya and peace activists reported high levels of intimidation via direct and indirect messages and comments online.344 Allegations of torture were also made against police, prison guards, and border guards by student activists,345 monks,346 and others.347 Women reported regular gender-based intimidation and threats of violence online.348 Common harassment tactics included cyberstalking, phishing, doxing, hacking, and attempts to cast doubt on women’s credibility, integrity, and character. Many were intimidated through doctored sexual or intimate images, which were sometimes used in extortion attempts. C8: ၀က်ဘဆ ် �� Fိ မ ် ျား၊ အစိးF ရY4င ့် ပFဂpလက ိ အဖွဲUအစည်းများ၊ ၀န်ေဆာင်မ,ေပးသNများ သိမဟF F ့ တ ် အသံးF ြပMသN တစ်ဦးချင်းစီသည် ၁ မ4တ ် ဟက်ကင်း(hacking)များ ကျယ်ကျယ်ြပန်ြပန် F ဘ ် ာတိက F ခ ် ိFကမ ် ,(cyberattack) ပံFစမ ံ ျား ့ ့ ြပMလFပ်ခံရြခင်းY4င ့် အြခား ဆိက DကံMေတွUရပါသလား။ (၀-၃ မ4တ)် C8: Are websites, governmental and private entities, service providers, or individual users subject to widespread hacking and other forms of cyberattack? (0–3 points) Websites, Facebook accounts, and email services have been subjected to technical attacks in Myanmar. HRDs, journalists, and political activists continued to report regular, often weekly, attempts to hack their devices, email, and social media accounts after the February 2021 coup.349 Advanced espionage malware, thought to originate in China and be statesponsored,350 was repeatedly found hidden in widespread Burmese-language fonts commonly shared via USB sticks or available for download online, including on the national presidential website as of June 2021.351 Several media outlets claimed to have had their Facebook and YouTube accounts hacked since the coup, before later restoring them.352 Prior to the coup, pro-Rohingya and Muslim activists reported frequent hacking attempts, and online activists noted that Google regularly warned them of “government-backed 1 attackers” attempting to hack their Google accounts.353354 During the previous coverage period, several government websites, including those of the central bank and state television stations, were hacked and defaced with antimilitary messages after the coup.355 Some 330 gigabytes of government-held corporate financial data was leaked in February 2021, including details on how military-held firms and coup leaders used Google services.356 Police used sophisticated technology to break into the devices of journalists, including Reuters reporters Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo in 2017.357 Advanced spyware has been identified in Myanmar,358 and HRDs, journalists, and political activists have reported the presence of spyware on their mobile phones (see C5).359 ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ