One provider stated in 2018 that it initially required
three documents before disclosing information,
including a letter from a senior police officer and a
letter from the PTD, but it later dropped the third
requirement for a judicial warrant.315
C7: လNပFဂိpMလ်များ၏ အွန်လင
ိF း် လ,ပ်ေဆာင်မ,များကိF လက်စားေချရန်အတွက် အစိးF ရအာဏာပိFငမ
် ျားမ4 သိမဟF
F ့ တ ် အြခား
၀ မ4တ ်
သက်ဆင
Fိ သ
် မ
N ျားမ4 ဥပေဒြပင်ပ nခိမ်းေြခာက်ြခင်း သိမဟF
F ့ တ ် ကိယ
F ထ
် လ
ိ က်ေရာက် အDကမ်းဖက်ြခင်းများ ြပလFပ်ပါသလား။ (၀-၅
မ4တ)်
C7: Are individuals subject to extralegal intimidation or physical violence by state authorities or any other actor in
retribution for their online activities? (0–5 points)
The military and their proxies continued to
threaten, extort, physically assault, forcibly
disappear, torture, and kill online and offline
opponents with complete impunity.316 Many people
in Myanmar face extralegal intimidation and
violence on a daily basis from military propaganda,
constant surveillance, and physical checks,
including of devices.317
The military targeted people who supported online
resistance or participated in protests, the CDM, and
political opponents, especially the NUG (see B8).318
The unlawful imposition of martial law (see C2) and
the threat of capital punishment increased fear
among protesters, strikers, political activists,
journalists, and HRDs.319 By June 2021, at least 64
protesters, including 2 children, received death
sentences from military courts.320 In July 2022, the
military executed Phyo Zeya Thaw, Kyaw Min Yu,
Hla Myo Aung, and Aung Thura Zaw—the first in
decades (see C3).
Over 1,500 people were killed by the military
between February 2021 and the end of the coverage
period, some of whom were targeted in relation for
their online activities.321 This included at least three
journalists working for or previously employed by
online media outlets. Pu Tuidim was abducted and
killed in January 2022, two days after he was
captured while covering fighting between the
military and antigovernment forces.322 Sai Win
Aung was shot on Christmas Day in 2021 while
covering fighting.323 Photojournalist Soe Naing died
in the military’s custody in December 2021; Soe was
tortured after being detained earlier that month
while photographing a protest.324 After the coverage
period, in July 2022, photographer Aye Kyaw,
whose photos of anticoup protests were published
on social media and in local outlets, died while in
0
military custody; Aye’s body showed signs of
torture.325
Others killed since the February 2021 coup, some in
retaliation for their online activities, included 15
civil society workers, over 100 students, and a large
number of activists.326 In March 2021, for example,
activist and teacher Zaw Myat Lynn was tortured to
death after being detained for sharing videos online
of soldiers attacking demonstrators.327
Hundreds of people, including children, were killed
in military custody after the coup began,328 most of
them due to torture.329 Torture is rampant,
including through sexual violence.330 Those severely
tortured included the cofounder of Kamayut Media,
Han Thar Nyein, who was subsequently sentenced
to two years’ imprisonment in March 2022.331 An
unknown number of protesters, HRDs, activists, and
others who conducted activities online remained in
detention. The military also collected the social
media profiles of all individual soldiers and leveled
threats against them over their online activity,332
including their VPN-enabled use of Facebook.333
“Watermelons,” or individuals outwardly
supporting the military but actually preferring the
opposition, came under attack during the coverage
period. Users with large followings called for
information on “watermelons” and doxed them;
they have also offered bounties for their targets’
deaths.334
Soldiers, nationalists, and other military proxies
also issued threats335 and tracked down social
media users opposed to the military.336 Those
suspected of opposition activity online after being
released from custody were warned that their
online profiles were under surveillance and they
could be returned to detention.337 Activists,
် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင
4 င
် ံ
Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ