PEACEWORKS 92 Notes 1. Andrew Robertson, Eran Fraenkel, Emrys Schoemaker, and Sheldon Himelfarb, “Media in Fragile Environments,” U.S. Institute of Peace, www.usip.org/publications/media-in-fragile-environments. 2. Fifty-eight laws were passed in the thirty months ending in August 2013 (Soe Than Lynn, “Thura U Shwe Mann takes Hluttaw Reins,” Myanmar Times, August 4, 2013). 3. Communal Buddhist-Islamic violence in Rakhine differs from Islamic-Buddhist violence in the rest of Myanmar in that as Rakhine state has distinct immigration, citizenship, ethnic identity, and political and economic exclusion factors, which are not detailed in this report. 4. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Rakhine Response Plan (Myanmar) July 2013– December 2013,” Relief Web, August 12, 2013, http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/rakhine-response-planmyanmar-july-2012-%E2%80%93-december-2013. 5. At this time, the Press Scrutiny and Registration Division was also disbanded. 6. Reporters Without Borders, “Burmese Media Spring,” December 2012, http://en.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rsf_ rapport_birmanie-gb-bd_2_.pdf. 7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Fact Book: Burma, November 2013, https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. 8. Cronies are generally described as part of the economic elite who have deep ties to military officials. 9. Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU), “Coverage of Myanmar Local Radio Media,” February 2013, www.themimu.info/docs/SectorMap_Govern_Radio_MediaCoverage_MIMU965v01_1February20_ A3.pdf; MIMU, “Coverage of Myanmar Free-to-air Television Media,” February 2013, http://www. themimu.info/download.php?file=docs/SectorMap_Govern_Television_MediaCoverage_MIMU965v01_1 February20_A3.pdf 10. According to Gallup polling, 62.2 percent say they use radio as a news source at least once per week. In small towns and rural areas, people are twice as likely to use radio (67.4 percent) for news on a weekly basis than television (34.8 percent). International Audience Research Project (IARP), “Analytical Report for Burma Media Use Survey,” Gallup Broadcasting Board of Governors, September 2012, p. 6. 11. Karen News very recently obtained a license for print media, and discussions have begun regarding a local radio license. 12. In urban areas, television has outpaced radio (67.8 percent to 50.2 percent for radio). 13. Gallup’s national survey was conducted between December 2010 and January 2011 (IARP, “Analytical Report,” p. 29). 14. According to the CIA’s World Factbook, there are 1,055 Internet hosts (2012) worldwide, which puts Myanmar at 172 in a global ranking. Data from 2009 suggest that of the country’s fifty-five million people, 110,000 are Internet users. 15. https://twitter.com/AmaraDigital/status/329872633699110912. 16. Deputy Minister of Information U Ye Htut, speaking at the event “Preventing Hate Speech in Myanmar: Divergent Voices in a New Democracy,” Rangoon (June 28, 2013), http://www.dvb.no/dvb-video/ freedom-from-hate/29074. 17. One civil society organization used Facebook to arrange a peace march on International Day of Peace in 2012. Although not sanctioned by the police, they marched through ten townships in Yangon in what could have been the largest march since the Saffron Revolution. 18. CIA, World Factbook. 19. Interviewees estimate costs of $12 for an Internet connection, plus 5 cents per minute for data. 20. Such training either had to be held covertly within Myanmar or outside the country. 21. Michelle Foster, “The Business of Media in Myanmar, 2013,” Internews, February 2013, https://www. internews.org/sites/default/files/resources/Internews_Business_of_Media_in_Myanmar_2013.pdf. 22. Ibid. 23. Reporters Without Borders, “Burmese Media Spring.” 24. Radio Free Asia, “Exile Ethnic Myanmar Media Groups Wary of Returning,” July 13, 2013, www.rfa.org/ english/news/myanmar/media-07122013190654.html. 25. This format is an entertaining drama that seeks to change the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the target audience through a carefully designed curriculum. 36  USIP.ORG