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The International Journal of Press/Politics 00(0)
Our interviews also revealed that Facebook users are quite aware of their preference
for attitudinally congruent information. Many reported gravitating toward sources that
confirm their views. As one Bamar Buddhist male put it, “They confirm my views
because I only share or read the works of like-minded people. If people say rude things
or untruthful things, I just block them.”
Others said they found the diverse perspectives on Facebook to be informative. As
a woman identifying as a minority ethnic and religious group said, “It strengthens my
critical thinking when I see opposite perspectives—I can now understand other perspectives.” Another Mon and Buddhist woman said, “Facebook makes me reconsider
my view of the world.” One man learned about global warming on Facebook. He said,
“Some posts I see on Facebook are very educational, for instance what we see about
natural disasters in different parts of the world shocks me. I become worried for the
children of coming generations [ . . . ]”
Still, most respondents indicated that they were less inclined to read challenging
posts. As one Myanmar Buddhist man put it,
we can see different views of different people. If you read some comments, you would
see people arguing with each other. But, I don’t even want to read every comment, as I
think it is normal to have different views and opinions.
Facebook users also commonly asserted that their views were stable and could not
be changed by counter-attitudinal information. A woman who identified as a member
of a minority ethnic group, who said she often saw conflicting news, remarked “I don’t
think things on Facebook can change me that much.” A Kachin Christian man said,
“Yes, I think sometimes I find some information or a post that gives me food for
thought, but, I don’t really notice that my views totally change because of these posts.”
Some believed others might be influenced. A man identifying as a minority religious
group said, “I always have my own stand-point and look at things based on what I
believe. But, I think those who are less educated are influenced by Facebook.”
The strongest evidence for confirmation bias, however, is the fact that Facebook
users consistently disagreed with and discounted the information found in international news. A Muslin man identifying as Myanmar-Indian suggested that people like
to read information that is consistent with their stereotypes of minority groups. He
noted that most people trust privately owned local media even though they are “biased”
and “anti-Muslim” more than international media because the local media report what
“people want to read.” One Bamar woman noted, “official newspapers use words carefully. Facebook is divided between Rakhine and Myanmar. In the international arena,
Rakhine Buddhists’ voices are silenced. International [media] only shed light on
Rohingya suffering.” In general, our interviews with users and non-users revealed that
Facebook users were exposed to more perspectives and were less sure what exactly to
believe, while non-users relied on domestic or government sources for interpretation,
which are generally hostile toward the Rohingya. Interestingly, however, about half of
the respondents said they had no opinion of the Rohingya and this finding was independent of whether an individual was a Facebook user or not.