Identity-Based Disenfranchisement Identity-based disenfranchisement has emerged as one of the most alarming consequences of the growing consolidation of state power in the digital realm. Marginalized communities, including ethnic and religious minorities, political dissidents, and gender-diverse populations, are systematically excluded through digital mechanisms often presented as neutral or progressive. For instance, biased digital identification systems can limit access to essential services for certain groups, while algorithmic discrimination in law enforcement disproportionately targets people due to flawed data. As a result, digital access has evolved beyond a mere issue of technological connectivity; it has become a matter of fundamental rights and civic participation, as exclusion from digital systems undermines individuals’ ability to fully engage in society. 23