Executive Overreach In a deliberate effort to consolidate the central government’s absolute authority, executive overreach is a common feature across many countries. Regulatory bodies established and empowered under primary and secondary legislation are often placed directly under the influence of the executive branch, which has the power to control their composition and set their agendas. This concentration of power allows governments to bypass judicial oversight, enabling executive bodies to exercise disproportionate control over digital ecosystems with minimal accountability. As a result, measures like mass surveillance, platform shutdowns, and algorithmic policing are implemented with little to no transparency. 22