A/HRC/60/18 I. Introduction 1. The present report covers the activities carried out by the Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar between 1 July 2024 and 30 June 2025. 2. The Human Rights Council, in its resolution 39/2, created the Mechanism and mandated it to carry out two primary functions: to collect, consolidate, preserve and analyse evidence of the most serious international crimes and violations of international law committed in Myanmar since 2011; and to prepare files to facilitate and expedite fair and independent criminal proceedings in national, regional or international courts or tribunals that have or may in the future have jurisdiction over these crimes. In its resolution 73/264, the General Assembly welcomed the establishment of the Mechanism. Subsequently, in its resolution 43/26, the Council specifically called upon the Mechanism to engage in close and timely cooperation on any future investigations, including those conducted by the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice. 3. Over the past year, civilians continued to suffer atrocities, as the conflict between the armed forces of Myanmar and various armed organizations showed no signs of abating. The Mechanism collected evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed with increasing frequency and intensity by multiple parties to the ongoing conflicts. In all cases, the Mechanism is working to identify those most responsible, regardless of their political affiliation, beliefs or ethnicity. 4. During the reporting period, the systematic and escalating use of air strikes by the Myanmar military across the country caused widespread death, destruction and displacement, and has terrorized communities. As the military continues to lose territory to opposing groups, it frequently bombs lost territories from the air, causing increased casualties among non-combatants. Women, children and elderly people have been particularly vulnerable to the devastating impact of air strikes. Within days of the deadly earthquake of 28 March 2025, at a time of heightened humanitarian crisis, the Myanmar military unleashed air strikes against civilian villages in Mandalay, Sagaing and other regions. 5. In Rakhine State, ongoing fighting between the military and the Arakan Army has affected thousands of civilians. There are credible reports of widespread malnutrition, particularly among young children of all ethnicities. During the reporting period, the Arakan Army seized control of nearly all townships in Rakhine, leaving only the capital Sittwe and parts of the southern region under military control. The Mechanism is actively investigating reports of killings, torture, rape and the burning of villages. While all ethnic communities in Rakhine State have endured extreme hardship, the remaining Rohingya population finds itself in an especially vulnerable position, caught between the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army. 6. In parallel to its increased investigative activities, the Mechanism has shared vast amounts of evidence and analysis to support three ongoing justice processes related to crimes committed against the Rohingya population, which are being conducted by the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and Federal Prosecutor’s Office No. 9 in Argentina. In November 2024, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court announced that he had requested an arrest warrant for Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar military, for the crimes against humanity of deportation and persecution of Rohingya. The Prosecutor stated that he intended to file requests for additional arrest warrants. In February 2025, the Federal Criminal Court of Argentina ordered the issuance of arrest warrants summoning Min Aung Hlaing and 24 other individuals to appear before the Court to provide testimony relevant to the ongoing investigation by Argentinian authorities. These recent developments send a strong message to perpetrators that no one stands above the law. II. Progress on investigations and facilitating proceedings 7. Over the past year, the Mechanism continued to actively monitor the ongoing situation throughout Myanmar and to collect and analyse evidence of alleged serious international crimes committed by the armed forces of Myanmar as well as various armed groups. Since 4 GE.25-10777