MPT Coverage, % 0.0 to 10.7 10.7 to 34.7 34.7 to 75.8 75.8 to 99.2 99.2 to 100.0 Figure 4: Predicted MPT cellphone coverage at township level 4.4. Local level characteristics Information on population characteristics comes from the Myanmar 2014 Census. The main analysis is conducted at the township level.7 Summary statistics for the townships are presented in the Appendix Table C.1. Because I do not have information on the ethnic composition of the population at a disaggregated level, I use information on identity cards as a proxy. Specifically, not having an identity card is used to proxy share of discriminated minorities. According to the Census, more than a quarter of the population does not have any identity card. As the Census data is only available for township level, I obtain additional information on population from the Gridded Population of the World collection for 2015 (CIESIN 2016). This dataset takes the Myanmar 2014 census data as input and uses uniform arealweighting to disaggregate the population to approximately 1 km2 grid cells. I aggregate the cells to obtain estimates of village tract population.8 Moreover, I use geospatial data provided by the Myanmar Information Management Unit to obtain administrative 7. Myanmar consists of states and regions, which are broken into districts, that are divided into townships, and finally village tracts. 8. See Appendix Figure B.7 for the geographic distribution of population. 12