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Contesting Buddhist Narratives Walton, Matthew J. 2012. Politics in the Moral Universe: Burmese Buddhist Political Thought. Unpublished PhD dissertation for the University of Washington. ———. 2013a. “The ‘Wages of Burman-ness’: Ethnicity and Burman Privilege in Contemporary Myanmar.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 43 (1): 1–27. ———. 2013b. “Buddhism Turns Violent in Myanmar,” Asia Times Online, April 2. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-020413.html; accessed December 12, 2013]. ———. 2013c. “Myanmar Needs a New Nationalism,” Asia Times Online, May 20. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-02-200513.html; accessed December 12, 2013]. ———. 2013d. “Violence and Responsibility in Myanmar,” Asia Times Online, August 23. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-230813.html; accessed December 12, 2013]. Winn, Patrick. 2014. “Myanmar’s Upcoming Census Could Spark Anti-Muslim Violence,” Global Post, March 5. [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ news/regions/asia-pacific/myanmar/140304/why-myanmar-s-upcomingcensus-could-spark-anti-mus?page=0,0; accessed August 6, 2014]. Wuthnow, Robert. 2005. America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Wirathu. 2013. Public sermon posted on Hla Oo’s Blog. [http://hlaoo1980.blogspot. ca/2013/03/boycott-muslim-businesses-nationalist.html; accessed October 24, 2013]. Yen Snaing. 2014. “Activists Face Violent Threats After Opposing Interfaith Marriage Bill,” The Irrawaddy, June 4. [http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/activistsface-violent-threats-opposing-interfaith-marriage-bill.html; accessed August 6, 2014]. Zarni Mann. 2014. “Monk Conference Backs Bills to Restrict Interfaith Marriage, Rohingya Voting,” The Irrawaddy, January 16. [http://www.irrawaddy.org/ burma/monk-conference-backs-bills-restrict-interfaith-marriage-rohingyavoting.html; accessed April 25, 2014]. Zarni Mann and Samantha Michaels. 2013. “Petition to Restrict Interfaith Marriage Garners 2.5 Million Signatures in Burma,” The Irrawaddy, July 18. [http:// www.irrawaddy.org/conflict/petition-to-restrict-interfaith-marriage-garners2-5-million-signatures-in-burma.html; accessed April 25, 2014]. 65

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Contesting Buddhist Narratives : Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar

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English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

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Matthew J. Walton
Susan Hayward

Date Published: Oct 24, 2014

Abstract: Myanmar's transition to democracy has been marred by violence between Buddhists and Muslims. While the violence originally broke out between Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, it subsequently emerged throughout the country, impacting Buddhists and Muslims of many ethnic backgrounds. This article offers background on these so-called "communal conflicts" and the rise and evolution of Buddhist nationalist groups led by monks that have spearheaded anti-Muslim campaigns. The authors describe how current monastic political mobilization can be understood as an extension of past monastic activism, and is rooted in traditional understandings of the monastic community's responsibility to defend the religion, respond to community needs, and guide political decision-makers. The authors propose a counter-argument rooted in Theravada Buddhism to address the underlying anxieties motivating Buddhist nationalists while directing them toward peaceful actions promoting coexistence. Additionally, given that these conflicts derive from wider political, economic, and social dilemmas, the authors offer a prescription of complementary policy initiatives.

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Contesting Buddhist Narratives : Democratization, Nationalism, and Communal Violence in Myanmar

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