Endnotes
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Endnotes
1
Smart cities are usually made up of a mix of technical infrastructure like public Wi-Fi, surveillance
equipment like cameras and sensors, smart identification technologies, etc.
2
S. Dirks and M. Keeling, ‘A vision of smarter cities’, IBM Institute for Business Value, December 2009,
https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/2JYLM4ZA
3
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ‘ASEAN Smart Cities Network’, ASEAN, November 2018,
https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-smart-cities-network/
4
ARTICLE 19, ‘Biometric technologies: Freedom of expression must be protected’, 21 April 2021,
https://www.article19.org/resources/biometric-technologies-expression-must-be-protected/;
Privacy International, ‘Smart Cities: Utopian Vision, Dystopian Reality’, October 2017,
https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2017-12/Smart%20Cities-Utopian%20Vision%2C%20
Dystopian%20Reality.pdf; Amnesty International, ‘Ban the Scan’, https://banthescan.amnesty.org
5
G. Joseph, ‘Inside the Video Surveillance Program IBM Built for Philippine Strongman Rodrigo Duterte’, The
Intercept, 20 March 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/
6
M. Prasad and V. Marda, ‘Interrogating “Smartness”: A Case Study on the Caste and Gender Blind Spots of
the Smart Sanitation Project in Pune, India’, Global Information Society Watch, 2019, page 4
https://giswatch.org/node/6174
7
E. Morozov and F. Bria, ‘Rethinking the Smart City: Democratizing Urban Technology’, Rosa Luxemburg
Stiftung, 22 June 2018, https://rosalux.nyc/rethinking-the-smart-city/
8
J. Woetzel et al., ‘Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future’, McKinsey Global Institute, 5
June 2018, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/smart-cities-digitalsolutions-for-a-more-livable-future; PricewaterhouseCoopers, ‘Smart Cities’, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/
industries/government-public-services/smart-cities.html
9
M. Mg, ‘Myanmar soldiers are monitoring and watching the protestors at the traffic control center in
Yangon #HearTheVoiceOfMyanmar #WhatsHappeningInMyanmar’, Twitter, 7 February 2021,
https://twitter.com/moramg20/status/1358465960299032578
10
ARTICLE 19, Open Net Association, and the International Commission of Jurists, ‘Myanmar: Scrap Cyber
Security Draft Law and Restore Full Internet Connectivity’, 12 February 2021, https://www.article19.org/
resources/myanmar-scrap-cyber-security-draft-law-and-restore-full-internet-connectivity/