203 Eleven media group 19.6m; BBC Burmese 18.7m; Mizzima 15.2m; see “Myanmar Facebook page statistics,” Social Bakers, [n.d.], https://www.socialbakers.com/statistics/facebook/pages/total/myanmar/. 204 https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 205 https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/after-coup-medical-workers-spearhead-civil-disobedience-campaign/ 206 3 February https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6 207 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-journalists/myanmar-the-revolution-will-be-facebook-lived-idUSKBN2AP1IL 208 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-bridgefy-idUSKBN2A22H0 209 https://www.dw.com/en/the-battle-for-myanmar-plays-out-on-twitter-tiktok-and-telegram/a-57267075 210 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-bridgefy-idUSKBN2A22H0; https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2021/03/24/what-is-the-milk-tea-alliance; https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-24/myanmar-citizens-find-ways-around-crackdown-on-internet 211 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/08/three-finger-salute-hunger-games-symbol-adopted-by-myanmars-protesters; https://www.threefingers.org/archive 212 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/14/myanmars-pro-rohingya-social-media-campaign-shows-mass-support 213 The regional administration of Bago. The order has circulated among digital rights activists on 30 March, but has not yet been published. 214 https://www.justiceformyanmar.org/press-releases/justice-for-myanmar-publishes-details-of-myanmars-tools-of-digital-surveillance-and-repression https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3896650,00.html 215 Personal discussions with telecommunications companies, 23 March 2021. Earlier on see https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/facebook-blocked-02042021140109.html 216 Thompson Chau, “Protesters demand end to internet blackout in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, December 25, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/protesters-demand-end-internetblackout-rakhine.html 217 https://www.facebook.com/abfsu.cec/posts/212196590318880?__tn__=-R “Authorities arrest students over Rakhine internet shutdown protest,” Mizzima, February 26, 2020, http://mizzima.com/article/authorities-arrest-students-over-rakhine-internet-shutdown-protest; Annie Zaman, “Activists demand end to year-long internet disruption in Myanmar's Rakhine and Chin States,” Advox, June 26, 2020, https://advox.globalvoices.org/2020/06/26/activists-demand-end-to-year-long-internet-disruption-in-myanmars-rakhine-and-chinstates/; Waiyan Moe Myint [Ye Kaung Myint Maung, Roseanne Gerin], “Six Activists Charged For Protest Against Internet Ban in Myanmar’s Rakhine,” Radio Free Asia, June 24, 2020, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/activists-charged-06242020154538.html. 218 Myanmar: Reverse Conviction of Activist Poet, Uphold Right to Freedom of Expression,” Fortify Rights, September 4, 2020, https://www.fortifyrights.org/mya-inv-2020-09-04/ 219 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/statement-by-myanmar-civil-society-organisations-on-the-unconstitutionality-of-new-laws/ 220 https://melissacrouch.com/2021/03/12/did-the-myanmar-coup-install-an-illegitimate-president/ 221 https://melissacrouch.com/2021/06/04/open-letter-to-association-of-asian-constitutional-courts-on-myanmar/ 222 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Article 6(e). 223 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354(a). 224 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 365. 225 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354. Article 365 includes a similar broad and vague limitation. 226 Win Ko Ko and Wai Mar Tun [Khet Mar and Ye Khaung Myint Maung, Roseanne Gerin], “New Committee Maps Out Plans to Amend Myanmar’s Constitution,” Radio Free Asia, February 25, 2019, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/new-committee-maps-out-plans-02252019170851.html. 227 “20 expert organisations urge Myanmar to fully guarantee the internationally protected right to freedom of expression in the Constitution,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 11, 2019, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/20-expert-organisations-urge-myanmar-to-fully-guarantee-the-internationally-protected-right-to-freedom-of-expression-in-the-constitution/. 228 “Monitoring in Myanmar: An Analysis of Myanmar’s Compliance with Fair Trial Rights,” Justice Base, October 2017, https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/sites/default/files/JusticeBase-Monitoring-in-Myanmar-An-Analysis-of-Myanmars-Compliance-with-Fair-Trial-Rights-ENG.pdf. 229 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-real-change.pdf. 230 Personal communications with a range of lawyers acting for defendants on digital-related cases, December 2017. 231 “Superficial amendment leaves Broadcasting Law undemocratic,” Free Expression Myanmar, September 13, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/superficial-amendment-leavesbroadcasting-law-undemocratic/. 232 Naw Betty Han, “New Myanmar Press Council committee members challenged to fix Media Act,” Myanmar Times, August 20, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/newmyanmar-press-council-committee-members-challenged-fix-media-act.html. 233 “New National Records and Archives Law preserves government secrecy,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 12, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/new-national-records-andarchives-law-preserves-government-secrecy/. 234 “The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013),” October 8, 2013, https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs23/2013-10-08-Telecommunications_Law-en.pdf. 235 Shibani Mahtani, “Myanmar’s Telecom Revolution Bogs Down,” The Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2013, http://on.wsj.com/1w4lTPD. 236 Other problematic provisions in the Telecommunications Law (2013) include Articles 4, 5-8, 18, 40, 68, and 75-77, see “Telecommunications Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 237 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-real-change.pdf. 238 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/reform-12112020182133.html 239 https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/as-nld-prepares-for-second-term-activists-urge-defamation-reform/ 240 “Myanmar: Worsening Climate for Free Expression despite UN Commitments,” Article 19, May 2019, https://perma.cc/MY2C-24QE. 241 Linda Lakhdhir, “Dashed Hopes: The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar,” Human Rights Watch, January 31, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashedhopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar. 242 https://www.article19.org/resources/myanmar-penal-code-amendments-portend-long-term-repression/ 243 https://aappb.org/?cat=109 244 Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/critics-skeptical-of-new-privacylegislation.html. 245 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/privacy-amendment-welcome-but-insufficient-to-address-misuse-of-defamation/ 246 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-junta-suspends-laws-protecting-citizens-privacy-crack-opposition.html 247 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/six-risks-from-myanmars-draft-cyber-security-law/ 248 Personal discussions, 13 February 2021. 249 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant, “Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmar-enact-cybersecurity-law.html. 250 Htoo Thant, “Govt considering new cyber law, minister says,” Myanmar Times, December 13, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-considering-new-cyber-law-ministersays.html. 251 Discussions from participants at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, January 18, 2019. 252 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-lawamendment/?relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_origin=4322&relatedposts_position=0&relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_origin=4322&relatedposts_position=0 253 https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/myanmars-new-electronic-transactions-law-amendment/ 254 Aung Phay Kyi Soe, “Bill seeks to control news of outbreaks in Myanmar,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/bill-seeks-control-newsoutbreaks.html. 255 “Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 3/2019 - Trademark Law,” Myanmar Law Library, 2019, https://perma.cc/58F4-3NWU; “Myanmar Passes Long-Awaited Trademark Law,” Tilleke & Gibbins, February 1, 2019, https://www.tilleke.com/resources/myanmar-passes-long-awaited-trademark-law. 256 Yuwadee Thean-ngarm, Sher Hann Chua and Nwe Oo, “Myanmar Passes Patent Law,” Lexology, March 14, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=37278f03-666747c9-a531-5bb7f92c0ddc. 257 Sher Hann Chua and Khin Myo Myo Aye, “Myanmar Enacts Copyright Law,” Lexology, May 24, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=89cfb0ea-acf2-4c3a-aea040ebd097deaf. 258 “Anti-Hate Speech draft law submitted to Myanmar parliament,” Coconuts Yangon, September 28, 2017, https://coconuts.co/yangon/news/anti-hate-speech-draft-law-submittedparliament/. 259 Ei Ei Toe Lwin, “Draft hate speech bill sent to parliament,” Myanmar Times, September 27, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/draft-hate-speech-bill-sent-parliament.html. 260 Personal communications with members of the Harmony Working Group, Yangon, February 2018. 261 “Hate speech Directive threatens free expression in election countdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 22, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/hate-speech-directivethreatens-free-expression-in-election-countdown/. 262 As yet unpublished monitoring of crimes against journalism in Myanmar since the coup. Each charge has been verified. 263 https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 264 https://www.dailysabah.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-targets-celebrities-hands-charges-for-promoting-protests; https://restofworld.org/2021/they-want-us-to-disappear/ 265 https://cpj.org/reports/2021/07/bitter-reversal-myanmar-journalists-jailed-imprisoned-military-crackdown/ 266 https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/us-journalist-06292021190335.html; https://www.reuters.com/world/freed-us-editor-says-he-was-tortured-myanmar-2021-06-27/ 267 https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-sues-rakhine-media-theft-allegations.html Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 5