QSY and “Civil society marks 1-year of world’s longest internet shutdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 21, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/civil-society-marks-1-year-ofworlds-longest-internet-shutdown/. 43 An online campaign was started to monitor and track the shutdown, see Facebook account: အင်တာနက်ြဖတ်ေတာက်မ/ ရပ်, @StopInternetShutDownMM, https://www.facebook.com/StopInternetShutDownMM/; “Myanmar: Internet Shutdown Risks Lives,” Human Rights Watch, June 28, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/28/myanmar-internet-shutdown-risks-lives; Thompson Chau, “Protesters demand end to internet blackout in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, December 25, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/protesters-demand-end-internet-blackout-rakhine.html 44 Myat Thura, “Govt defends internet shutdown in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-defends-internet-shutdown-rakhine.html; “Internet ban will be lifted if peace and stability is restored: Deputy Minister,” Eleven Media Group, February 9, 2020, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/internet-ban-will-be-lifted-ifpeace-and-stability-is-restored-deputy-minister. 45 Andrew Nachemson and Lun Min Mang, “Fighting in Rakhine, Chin states rages as Myanmar limits internet,” Al Jazeera, March 5, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/fighting-rakhine-chin-states-rages-myanmar-limits-internet-200304033937563.html. 46 “Data network restored in Myanmar,” Telenor Group, February 6, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/media/press-release/myanmar-authorities-orders-nationwide-shutdown-of-thedata-network 47 “The MoTC cites legal basis in Myanmar’s Telecommunication Law, and references circulation of fake news, stability of the nation and interest of the public as basis for the order,” from: “Data network restored in Myanmar,” Telenor Group, February 6, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/media/press-release/myanmar-authorities-orders-nationwide-shutdown-of-thedata-network 48 “Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ 49 Chan Thar and Aung Nyein Chan, “Telenor reverses stance, blocks ethnic news media amid crackdown on journalists,” Myanmar Now, April 2, 2020, https://myanmarnow.org/en/news/telenor-reverses-stance-blocks-ethnic-news-media-amid-crackdown-on-journalists. 50 Anonymous source with direct experience, March 5, 2021. 51 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf” 52 Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-price-war. 53 Dylan Bushell-Embling, “Myanmar to use Intelsat 39 satellite,” Telecomasia.net, June 4, 2018, https://www.telecomasia.net/content/myanmar-use-intelsat-39-satellite. 54 Khine Kyaw, “Myanmar to accelerate 5G development despite risks,” Eleven Media Group, December 19, 2018, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-to-accelerate-5gdevelopment-despite-risks. See also: Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 55 “Campana Announces Commercial Availability of International Gateway Services via its Trans-ASEAN Network,” EIN Presswire, December 14, 2017, https://www.einpresswire.com/article/421197787/campana-announces-commercial-availability-of-international-gateway-services-via-its-trans-asean-network. 56 Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-price-war; Paul Mah, “Campana Group, Telin Singapore to connect Singapore and Myanmar,” Data Center Dynamics, September 24, 2018, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/campana-group-telin-singaporeenhance-connectivity-between-singapore-and-myanmar/. 57 “Myanmar to launch satellite in 2019,” Myanmar Times, October 23, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-launch-satellite-2019.html. 58 Tim Kelly, “Exclusive: Myanmar's first satellite held by Japan on space station after coup,” Reuters, March 12, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-satellitejapan-excl-idUSKBN2B41O1 59 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant, “Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmar-enact-cybersecurity-law.html. 60 Fanny Potkin and Poppy Mcpherson, “How Myanmar’s military moved in on the telecoms sector to spy on citizens,” Reuters, May 18, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/how-myanmars-military-moved-telecoms-sector-spy-citizens-2021-05-18/ 61 Ankit Sawhney and Charu Paliwal, “Intelligence Brief: Where does Myanmar stand today?,” GSM Association via Mobile World Live, December 4, 2019, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/blog/intelligence-brief-where-does-myanmar-stand-today/; Mytel has announced its intention to invest $1.5billion to build a 4G network and 7,200 towers, see Joseph Waring, “Myanmar $G newcomers ready to roll,” Mobile World Live, February 14, 2018, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/myanmar-4g-newcomersready-to-roll/; Telenor, in comparison, had 7,800 towers in 2017, see “Annual Report 2017,” Telenor, April 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Appendix-1Telenor-Annual-Report-2017.pdf. 62 Directives from authorities in Myanmar – February-August 2021,” Telenor Group, last updated July 28, 2021, https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/humanrights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/ 63 “Junta detains staff from major shopping chains at Yangon City Hall after businesses close for ‘Silent Strike,’” Myanmar Now, March 25, 2021 https://myanmarnow.org/en/news/junta-detains-staff-from-major-shopping-chains-at-yangon-city-hall-after-businesses-close-for; Statement by Concerned Businesses Operating in Myanmar, MCRB https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/statement-concerned-businesses.html 64 Victoria Klesty, “Telenor quits Myanmar with $105 mln sale to Lebanon's M1 Group,” Reuters, July 8, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/telenor-sells-myanmaroperations-m1-group-105-mln-2021-07-08/ 65 Reuters and Victoria Klesty and Terje Solsvik “Telenor writes off Myanmar business after coup, posts Q1 loss,” Reuters, May 4, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/business/mediatelecom/telenor-posts-q1-loss-after-writing-off-myanmar-business-following-coup-2021-05-04/ 66 Ministry of Transport and Communications, “Establishing Internet Exchange in Myanmar,” September 7, 2020, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/6%20Myanmar%20CLMV-%20Internet%20Exchange1.pdf 67 https://www.thevietnamese.org/2021/03/oppression-through-greed-what-the-myanmar-military-and-vietnam-stand-to-gain/ 68 MyTel is jointly owned by Myanmar National Telecom Holding Public Co Ltd (23 percent), Star High Public Co Ltd (28 percent), and Viettel Global (49 percent). Star High is a subsidiary of the military-run Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC). Viettel Global is owned by the Vietnam Ministry of Defense, see Kyaw Phone Kyaw, “Fourth telco MyTel to start selling SIM cards in March,” Myanmar Times, February 14, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/fourth-telco-mytel-start-selling-sim-cards-march.html. 69 Aung Kyaw Nyunt and Pyae Thet Phyo, “Myanmar’s fourth telco gets licence at last,” Myanmar Times, January 13, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/24533myanmar-s-fourth-telco-gets-licence-at-last.html. 70 U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Designates Burmese State-Owned Enterprises,” July 29, 2008, https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/hp1105.aspx; Shibani Mahtani and Richard C. Paddock, “‘Cronies’ of Former Myanmar Regime Thrive Despite U.S. Blacklist,” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/cronies-of-former-myanmar-regime-thrive-despite-u-s-blacklist-1439433052; Michael Peel, “Myanmar: the military-commercial complex,“ Financial Times, February 1, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dce-d26a-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0. 71 Simon Marks, “EU weighs new sanctions against Myanmar over Rohingya,” Politico, August 9, 2018, https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-weighs-new-sanctions-against-myanmar-overrohingya/. 72 https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/destroy-your-sim-card-activists-call-for-boycott-of-mytel-for-aiding-and-abetting-the-military?page=2 San Yamin Aung, “Launch of ArmyBacked Mytel Draws Wary Welcome,” The Irrawaddy, June 14, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/business/launch-army-backed-mytel-draws-wary-welcome.html. 74 San Yamin Aung, “New Telecom Firm Mytel Transmits First Call,” The Irrawaddy, February 13, 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/new-telecom-firm-mytel-transmitsfirst-call.html. 75 http://bizhub.vn/tech/mytel-has-10-million-subscribers-in-two-years_316143.html 76 69 percent of Ooredoo is owned by the Qatar government and related entities, see “Ooredoo Q.P.S.C.: Group Structure and Presence,” Ooredoo, July 2018, https://www.ooredoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Ooredoo-at-a-Glance-2018-Final.pdf; 54 percent of Telenor is owned by the state of Norway, see “Major Shareholdings,” Telenor, June 30, 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190608193322/https://www.telenor.com/investors/share-information/major-shareholdings/. 77 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/17/myanmars-internet-shutdown-whats-going-on-and-it-crush-dissent 78 Saw Yi Nandar, “Telcos say data helps police solve cases of missing persons,” Myanmar Times, February 4, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/telcos-say-data-helps-police-solvecases-missing-persons.html. See also https://www.telenor.com.mm/en/article/telenor-introduces-telenor-wellness-innovative-telco-fitness-program-mytelenor-app 79 Kang Wan Chern, “Amara Communications to launch 4G+ data-only service,” Myanmar Times, March 2, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/amara-communications-launch-4gdata-only-service.html. 80 Joseph Waring, “Myanmar 4G newcomers ready to roll,” Mobile World Live, February 14, 2018, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/asia/asia-news/myanmar-4g-newcomers-ready-toroll/. 81 Even at the last moment, MPs attempted to derail the process of giving out licences, see Gwen Robinson, “Myanmar telco auction: the good and the bad,” Financial Times, June 27, 2013, https://www.ft.com/content/befaee5a-22cc-33e3-a8d3-84ce27742dc3. 82 Anonymous source with direct experience, June 15, 2020. 83 “Realising Digital Myanmar,” Telenor, February 2018, https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06-February.pdf. 84 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “Yangon warns telecoms to get proper permits,” Myanmar Times, December 4, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/yangon-warns-telecoms-get-properpermits.html. 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