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M. SCHISSLER
Figure 5. Circa 2018. Source: Progressive Voice et al. 2022, 49–50.
him and posted a misleadingly-edited version of the speech on Facebook. A public outcry
ensued, followed by his arrest.75
Posts on Facebook were used to generate public outrage, which helped motivate state
action against Muslims and any who challenged “meta-narratives of Buddhist-Burman
dominance” as well as provide the state an authorizing excuse. At the same time, those
facing potential attacks by nationalist forces had to assume those forces could act with
impunity. This heightened the seriousness of threats, whether received in the form of
direct messages or post shared publicly on Facebook. But the latter also involved an
element that differentiates them from threats via other more private channels: attacks dis
played in public could also serve as warnings to others.76 That posts attacking one or
another individual as a “traitor” issued a warning to a broader audience was not always
explicit, though it often was. The captions in Figure 5, for example, both contain
subtle, but still clear, indications that they aimed towards broader targets. “Myanmar
has many opportunists,” says the image at left, while the image at right asserts that the
journalist is part of a larger, secret, group. “They are working to destroy the country,”
ends the caption. “The people must respond and discipline them in kind.”
75
76
PEN America, “Writers at Risk: Htin Lin Oo,” 2023; San Yamin Aung, “NLD Official Condemned After Buddhism Speech,”
The Irrawaddy, 17 November 2014.
Fujii analyzed how violence staged “for people to see, notice, and take in” could “bring to life ideas about how the
world should be and more specifically, how it should be ordered.” She thus theorized display as that which “makes
the imagined ‘real’ by giving it materiality, visibility, and three-dimensional form” (2). I am inspired to ask similar
questions about posts on Facebook. Lee Ann Fujii, Show Time: The Logic and Power of Violent Display (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 2021).