9 Kachin State is home to the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), one of the oldest, largest, and most established ethnic armed groups in Myanmar. Decades of conflict in Kachin State have been marked by the junta’s abuses, including recent airstrikes targeting Laiza, a key KIA-held town near the Chinese border. Meanwhile, in Karenni State, armed opposition strengthened more recently in response to the military’s attacks on civilians. In 2021, the Karenni Nationalities Defence Force (KNDF) was founded, and now fights alongside other resistance groups against the Myanmar junta. Since 2022, the Myanmar military junta has steadily lost territory and outposts to rapidly advancing armed resistance groups throughout the country. While the junta maintains control of Myanmar’s largest cities—Yangon, Naypyidaw, and Mandalay—in many parts of the country, the military is now largely confined to besieged army bases. As a result of this, it has increasingly resorted to airstrikes as its primary offensive military tactic, often striking civilian areas and objects or terrorizing the population with indiscriminate attacks. A funeral service held for victims killed in the September 5, 2024 airstrike on the “Bangkok” internally displaced persons camp in Pekon Township on the border of Karenni and southern Shan. ©Min Htet San, 2024 This report documents the death and destruction caused by ten airstrikes and aerial bombardments in Karenni and Kachin states, including deliberate attacks on schools, hospitals, churches, and homes, as well as the forced displacement of civilians. While these specific attacks represent a fraction of the junta’s broader campaign of mass atrocity crimes, each attack constitutes a separate prosecutable war crime. For example, the junta bombed an internally displaced persons (IDP) site known as “Bangkok” IDP camp in Pekon Township—on the border of Karenni and Shan states—on May 22, September 5, and November 18, 2024. Fortify Rights documented the September and November attacks. The September 5 airstrike, at approximately 9:15 p.m., killed nine internally displaced persons, including six children, and injured 19 others. It destroyed shelters, a school, and other critical civilian infrastructure. Eyewitnesses confirmed