Summary Summary Four years after Myanmar’s military junta staged an illegal coup d’etat, the country remains entrenched in a nationwide armed revolution for democracy and human rights, with armed conflict directly affecting nearly 97 percent of its 330 townships. As of late 2024, the military junta maintains full control over an estimated 21 percent of the country’s territory, with the remainder either under resistance control or contested. The junta has lost control of more than half of its bases in many parts of the country, marking unprecedented territorial setbacks. In retaliation and desperation, the junta has escalated its use of indiscriminate airstrikes on civilian communities. This report documents ten specific, indiscriminate, and retaliatory airstrikes targeting civilians in Kachin and Karenni (Kayah) states—two of Myanmar’s fourteen administrative states and regions—that have faced relentless junta assaults since 2021. While the junta’s airstrikes against civilians have been widely documented, far less is known about the individuals who may be criminally liable for these alleged war crimes. This report identifies 22 junta officials who should be investigated and potentially prosecuted for their roles in war crimes in Kachin and Karenni states. It also names eight military commands linked to the airstrikes documented in this report and identifies 12 military units responsible for artillery attacks in Kachin and Karenni states that may amount to war crimes. This report is based on 63 interviews conducted between 2022 and November 2024 with individuals from Kachin and Karenni states—including survivors, displaced persons, aid workers, and ethnic resistance members—as well as Myanmar military defectors interviewed in Chin State, Myanmar, and locations in India and Thailand. 8 Junta’s jet firing flares near Laiza, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State, after conducting airstrikes on October 31, 2023. ©Private, 2023