Table of Contents
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chronology of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Military Command Structure of the Myanmar Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
The 2021 Illegal Military Coup and Democratic and Armed Resistance to the Military Junta . . 35
I. War Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Airstrike on a Church Sheltering Internally Displaced Persons in Junta-controlled Konlaw Village,
Momauk Township, Kachin State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Airstrikes on Internally Displaced Persons Camp in Pekon Township, Border of Karenni and
Shan States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Airstrike on Daw Si Ei School, Demoso Township, Karenni State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Airstrike on Loi Nan Pha School, Demoso Township, Karenni State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Airstrike on a Hospital in Demoso Township, Karenni State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Attack on Munglai Hkyet Village, Laiza, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Airstrikes on Alen Bum and Surrounding Areas in Laiza, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State . . 53
Air and Artillery Attacks on Laiza, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
II. International Legal Framework and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
International Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
International Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Corporate Complicity in International Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
The Chain of Command: Individuals Who Should Be Subject to Investigation and Prosecution 62
Command Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Modes of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Individuals Who Should be Investigated and Possibly Prosecuted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83