Summary 10 that the bombs struck IDP shelters, killing an entire family of six in one shelter and causing devastating injuries to others. Residents confirmed there were no military targets or armed resistance fighters in the area, underscoring the deliberate targeting of civilians. “Akayar,” a math teacher who lost his wife and two-year-old son in the airstrike, told Fortify Rights: All we have here are internally displaced persons who are helpless and facing many struggles already. No one in the camp can even defend against a soldier with a single gun. They didn’t need to attack us with an airstrike. The bomb that they brutally and recklessly dropped killed nine people. On November 18, 2024, the junta attacked the camp again with six bombs, killing a 46-year-old internally displaced person and destroying ten structures, including a church and multiple displaced persons’ shelters. Fortify Rights spoke with three survivors who lived through both airstrikes. A 23-year-old survivor, who lost his 46-year-old mother, said: “[The airstrike] happened around 11:08 a.m. … [and] I found [her] and pulled her out of the rubble only at 5:30 p.m.” On November 15, 2024, around 3:30 p.m., the junta’s air force bombed a Kachin Baptist church in Konlaw village, Momauk Township, Kachin State. There were no armed clashes on the ground, and the area was under junta control. More than 70 displaced people had sought refuge in the church. The attack killed nine people, including an entire family of six. “Seng Mai,” 41, who lost six relatives in the attack, told Fortify Rights: I saw a combat airplane … around 3:30 p.m. … I was in the village at the time. [My relatives] were displaced from Momauk, so they sought refuge in the church. … In the three-story building [a temporary internally displaced persons’ shelter inside the church compound], the children [were killed] on the lower level while my sister was [killed] outside, in close proximity to the entrance. The explosive blew up precisely at the entryway of the building. A 44-year-old Laiza resident told Fortify Rights, after enduring multiple airstrikes, “It felt like the world was crashing down on us.” On October 31, 2023, a junta airstrike destroyed the Sinpraw Majoi cultural center in Alen Bum, a hill in the area of Laiza, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State, injuring children and adult civilians. On February 5, 2024, at approximately 10:15 a.m., a junta airstrike hit a school in Daw Si Ei village, Demoso Township, Karenni State, killing four children and wounding at least 19 others. Fortify Rights visited the site shortly after the attack. A teacher, 37, recalled the aftermath: “First, I went to one student’s [El Doh Htoo’s] house. His hands, as well as his legs, had been cut and separated from his body. His brothers were cleaning his body. I wanted to hug him, but I couldn’t, since his body was in pieces.” * * * International humanitarian law, also known as the laws of war, aims to protect civilians and victims of armed conflicts while minimizing the humanitarian consequences of war. Codified in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, international humanitarian law sets rules for the conduct of hostilities. In non-international armed conflicts, such as those in Kachin and Karenni states, all parties are legally bound to distinguish between civilian and military targets and to avoid attacks that cause disproportionate harm to civilians.