2 Risks to Right to Freedom of Expression Similar to the 2004 Electronic Transactions Law, the 1996 Computer Science Development Law provides for lengthy terms of imprisonment for anyone using a computer to do anything that undermines “community peace and tranquillity”, “national unity” and other vague and undefined conduct (Table 18). It also puts limitations on use of ICTs. Criminal penalty could result from connecting to or establishing a “computer network” without MCIT permission. Table 18: Provisions of the Computer Science Development Law with Potential to be used to Infringe Freedom of Expression  Anyone “using computer network or any information technology” to engage in “carrying out any act which undermines State Security, prevalence of law and order and community peace and tranquility, national unity, State economy or national culture” or “obtaining or sending and distributing any information of State secret relevant to State security, prevalence of law and order and community peace and tranquility, national unity, State economy or national culture” may be imprisoned for 7-15 years and/or fined. (s35)  Anyone wishing to establish “a computer network or connecting a link inside the computer network” must apply for prior permission from the MCIT. (s29) Risks of Company Involvement in Human Rights Violations ICT companies could be liable for abetting offences under the Computer Science Development Law. In particular:  “Whoever attempts or conspires to commit any offence under this law or abets in the commission of such offence shall, on conviction be punished with the same penalty prescribed in this Law for such offence.” (s38) This again raises the risk that if ICT companies, in order to maintain their legal licenses to operate, comply with Government measures to restrict computer use, they may as a result be involved in adverse human rights impacts caused by the Myanmar Government. Law Relating to the Registration of Organisations (2014) Background, Scope and Objectives For decades the Myanmar authorities greatly restricted the right to form organisations and arrested those attempting to do so. In 1988 the military government issued a Decree called the Associational Law (Law No. 6/88), which named categories of banned organisations and provided for harsh terms of imprisonment and fines for people belonging to these organisations. However as part of the political, economic and legal reform process, which began in 2011, new efforts were made to change laws governing freedom of association. The culmination of such work by CSOs and Parliament was the enactment of the Law relating to Registration of Organisations in July 2014. The law 80 PAGE CHAPTER 2: ICT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, POLICIES & LEGAL FRAMEWORK