Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 4 Introduction 6 7 1.1 Data and Methodology 2 Severity and Scale: Geographic Distribution of Multidimensional Poverty 2.1 National Level: The Overall Burden 2.2 Urban and Rural: The First Spatial Cut 2.3 States and Regions: Severity versus Scale 2.4 Townships: Within-State Variation and Poverty Clustering 3 Drivers and Amplifiers of Poverty 3.1 Drivers of Poverty: Context versus Structure 3.2 Amplifiers of Poverty: Shock Exposure 4 Socio-Economic Profiles of Poverty 4.1 A People-Centred Lens 4.2 Structural Trap: Where Vulnerabilities Intersect 4.3 Conflict, Displacement and Migration as Acute Amplifiers 4.4 Gender: Depth Over Incidence 5 Beyond Headcount: What the Composition of Deprivation Reveals 5.1 The National Picture: Health and Living Standards Dominate 5.2 Variation Across States and Regions 5.3 The Household-Level Gradient: Composition Shifts as Deprivation Deepens 5.4 Synthesis: Similar MPI Scores, Different Poverty Dynamics 9 10 11 12 15 18 19 24 28 29 30 33 34 36 37 37 38 41 6 Strategic Directions: From Evidence to Action 42 7 Conclusion 47 List of References 50 Appendix 51 L AYE R S O F DE P R I VAT I O N : M u l t i di m en si on a l Pov er t y i n M y anmar 1