2019 GLOBAL INVENTORY OF ORGANISED SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION Contents 1 7 9 11 17 21 22 23 23 Introduction Report Methodology Organisational Form Strategies, Tools, and Techniques Organisational Budgets, Behaviours, and Capacity Conclusion References Acknowledgements Authors Biographies ILLUSTRATIONS 3 5 Figure 1 - The Global Disinformation Order Figure 2 - Computational Propaganda as a Tool of Information Control 5 6 10 Figure 3 - Foreign Influence Operations on Social Media Figure 4 - Prominent Platforms for Social Media Manipulation Table 1 - Organizational Form and Prevalence of Social Media Manipulation 12 14 16 18 Table 2 - Fake Account Types Table 3 - Messaging and Valence Table 4 - Communication Strategies Table 5 - Cyber Troop Capacity This report can be cited as: Samantha Bradshaw & Philip N. Howard. (2019) The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019.2. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda. [ ii ]