2019 GLOBAL INVENTORY OF ORGANISED SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION References Blood, David. 2017. Is Social Media Empowering Dutch Populism? The Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b1830ac2-07f4-11e7-97d15e720a26771b. Bradshaw, Samantha, and Philip N. Howard. 2017a. The Global Organization of Social Media Disinformation Campaigns. Journal of International Affairs 71(1.5). Bradshaw, Samantha, and Philip N. Howard. 2017b. Troops, Trolls, and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute. Working Paper. Hitchen, Jamie, Jonathan Fisher, Nic Cheeseman, and Idayat Hassan. 2019. How WhatsApp Influenced Nigeria’s Recent Election — and What It Taught Us about ‘Fake News. Washington Post. https://www. washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2019/02/15/its-nigeriasfirst-whatsapp-election-heres-what-were-learning-about-how-fake-newsspreads/ (September 3, 2019). Joyce, Mary, Rosas Antonio, and Philip N. Howard. 2013. Global Digital Activism Data Set. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/ studies/34625/version/2. ———. 2018a. Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. COMRPOP Working Paper Series 2018(1): 26. Kazeem, Yomi. 2018. Cambridge Analytica Tried to Sway Nigeria’s Last Elections with Buhari’s Hacked Emails. Quartz. https://qz.com/1234916/ cambridge-analytica-tried-to-sway-nigerias-last-elections-with-buharishacked-emails/. Bradshaw, Samantha, and Philip N. Howard. 2018b. Why Does Junk News Spread So Quickly Across Social Media? Algorithms, Advertising and Exposure in Public Life. Knight Foundation Working Paper. https://kf-site-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media_elements/ files/000/000/142/original/Topos_KF_White-Paper_Howard_V1_ado.pdf. Lee Myers, Steven, and Paul Mozur. 2019. China Is Waging a Disinformation War Against Hong Kong Protesters. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/world/asia/hong-kong-protestschina.html (September 3, 2019). Cadwalladr, Carole. 2017. The Great British Brexit Robbery: How Our Democracy Was Hijacked. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian. com/technology/2017/may/07/the-great-british-brexit-robbery-hijackeddemocracy. Carroll, Rory. 2012. Fake Twitter Accounts May Be Driving up Mitt Romney’s Follower Number. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian. com/world/2012/aug/09/fake-twitter-accounts-mitt-romney. Currier, Cora, and Danielle Mackey. 2018. The Rise of the Net Center: How an Army of Trolls Protects Guatemala’s Corrupt Elite. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2018/04/07/guatemala-anticorruption-trolls-smear-campaign/ (August 5, 2019). Dwoskin, Elizabeth, and Annie Gowen. 2018. On WhatsApp, Fake News Is Fast — and Can Be Fatal. Washington Post. https://www. washingtonpost.com/business/economy/on-whatsapp-fake-newsis-fast--and-can-be-fatal/2018/07/23/a2dd7112-8ebf-11e8-bcd59d911c784c38_story.html (September 3, 2019). Edwards, Frank, Philip N. Howard, and Mary Joyce. 2013. Digital Activism & Non-Violent Conflict. http://digital-activism.org/2013/11/ report-on-digital-activism-and-non-violent-conflict/ (May 17, 2017). Gleicher, Nathaniel. 2019. Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior and Spam From India and Pakistan. https://newsroom.fb.com/ news/2019/04/cib-and-spam-from-india-pakistan/. Mahtani, Shibani, and Regine Cabato. 2019. Why Crafty Internet Trolls in the Philippines May Be Coming to a Website near You. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/why-craftyinternet-trolls-in-the-philippines-may-be-coming-to-a-website-nearyou/2019/07/25/c5d42ee2-5c53-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html (September 4, 2019). Mozur, Paul. 2018. A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar’s Military. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes. com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html (July 24, 2019). Nunu. 2018. Leaked Documents Show That Ethiopia’s Ruling Elites Are Hiring Social Media Trolls (And Watching Porn) · Global Voices. Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/20/leaked-documents-showthat-ethiopias-ruling-elites-are-hiring-social-media-trolls-and-watchingporn/ (July 24, 2019). Rio, I. T. S. 2018. Computational Power: Automated Use of WhatsApp in the Elections. ITS FEED. https://feed.itsrio.org/computational-powerautomated-use-of-whatsapp-in-the-elections-59f62b857033 (March 2, 2019). Rolfe, John. 2013. Fake Twitter Followers for Tony Abbott Being Investigated by Liberal Party. Perth Now. https://www.perthnow.com. au/politics/federal-politics/fake-twitter-followers-for-tony-abbott-beinginvestigated-by-liberal-party-ng-90b331e9e3ca2542ec9cbdf6d994f986. Greenwald, Glenn. 2014. The ‘Cuban Twitter’ Scam Is a Drop in the Internet Propaganda Bucket. The Intercept. https://theintercept. com/2014/04/04/cuban-twitter-scam-social-media-tool-disseminatinggovernment-propaganda/ (April 10, 2017). Strange, Austin et al. 2013. China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Working Paper. https:// www.cgdev.org/publication/chinas-development-finance-africa-mediabased-approach-data-collection (May 17, 2017). ———. 2015. Controversial GCHQ Unit Engaged in Domestic Law Enforcement, Online Propaganda, Psychology Research. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2015/06/22/controversial-gchq-unit-domesticlaw-enforcement-propaganda/ (April 10, 2017). York, Jillian C. 2011. Syria’s Twitter Spambots. The Guardian. https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/21/syria-twitterspambots-pro-revolution (April 10, 2017). Herring, Susan C. 2009. Web Content Analysis: Expanding the Paradigm. In International Handbook of Internet Research, eds. Jeremy Hunsinger, Lisbeth Klastrup, and Matthew Allen. Springer Netherlands, 233–49. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-9789-8_14 (May 17, 2017). [ 22 ]