3/4/22, 1:38 PM Managing a digital revolution: cyber security capacity building in Myanmar - Routledge Companion to Global Cyber-Security Strategy member states on mutual legal assistance treaty in criminal matters has not been ratified to include cases concerning cybercrime, and My'anmar has not signed the Budapest Convention or any other multilateral or regional cybercrime agreement. Cultural and societal factors Cy'ber security is provisioned by' a multitude of actors frequently described as an “assemblage” of private, public, and private citizens (Collier, 2018). To fully' comprehend the work on maintaining a safe and reliable cy'berspace for citizens one needs to broaden the view to include not only the government initiatives but also the leading private companies and individual citizens. For My'anmar there is a widespread lack of attention being afforded to the security implications of rapid digitalization. This holds true for both public and private sector employees as well as the general public at large. It can be seen through widespread usage of pirated software and unsecured mail accounts for employees, as well as a limited level of awareness on the security issues modern societies face. The most problematic account however related to the understanding of cyber security dangers in the public at large. Taking a broad understanding of cyber security, including such concerns as the dissemination of fake news, there was a noted lack of skepticism surrounding claims made online. Furthermore, there is little to no awareness about the dangers of handing out private data or sensitive information online among the general public, providing an ample breeding ground for cybercrime.7 Seen in correlation with the incitement towards ethnic violence mentioned above, the lack of awareness and competencies when it comes to navigating digital media is troubling. The main exceptions to the rule of low awareness about cyber security is an issue in the private sector, and most notably among the two leading telecommunication operators in the country. After a 2012 licensing-round, licenses were awarded to Qatari telecoms operator Ooredoo and Norwegian operator Telenor (Calderaro, 2014). In Myanmar, there has been a shared responsibility for the development of the telecommunications sector: while the government is focused on developing laws and regulations extending connectivity has fallen into the hands of foreign companies. A large part of the task is thus dependent on the i d i i th t hi hli ht th i https://ebrary.net/173520/political_science/managing_digital_revolution_cyber_security_capacity_building_myanmar#aftercont t i l 12/19